The Gospel Essentials The Christian Religion Essay

The Gospel Essentials The Christian religion finds its foundation on the Word of God and the work of Jesus Christ. Christianity finds its beginnings with Jesus Christ about 2,000 years ago, when he, the Son of God, came down to earth to teach, heal, and die for the sins of humanity. After God created man, man openly rebelled against Him, causing a rift in their relationship. Since humans cannot save themselves, a perfect and completely innocent sacrifice was necessary in order to purify and restore mankind. Christianity comprises and emphasizes Jesus’ death and resurrection, as well as denying oneself and following Christ. The Christian Worldview At the very core of the Christian religion is the belief that God and humanity have a shattered relationship, and God desires to restore the relationship with His creation. Unlike other religions that stress the importance of humans pleasing a god, the Christian religion is about God reaching down to His people, who disobeyed and denied Him. Because the Christian religion is about restoring a relationship, many crucial elements comprise the Christian faith. God God is an omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent God who created the entire earth by simply speaking it into existence (Colossians 1:16-17). All things that exist on the earth, such as the birds, fish, plants, and humans, were fabricated by God for a specific purpose. Since He is the only true God and Sovereign Creator who intricately crafted everything, He deserves all ourShow MoreRelatedThe Gospel Essentials : The Christian Religion Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesThe Gospel Essentials The Christian religion finds its foundation on the Word of God and the work of Jesus Christ. Christianity finds its beginnings with Jesus Christ about 2,000 years ago. Jesus Christ, the Son of God, came down to earth to teach, heal, and die for the sins of humanity. When God created man, he openly rebelled against God, causing a rift in their relationship. Since humans cannot save themselves, a perfect and completely innocent sacrifice was necessary in order to purify and restoreRead MoreHow Galatians Is Important For Many Reasons911 Words   |  4 Pagesthe writings in the New Testament. The letter gives us an idea of the problems that arose in the Christian churches after Jesus physical death, and most importantly, it reveals one of the most essential elements in Paul s interpretation of Christianity. On this particular point, Paul made a definite break not only with Judaism but also, with Christians of Jewish descent who believed in the new religion in terms of obedience. To start off, it is important to understand what caused Paul to write theRead MoreChristian Worldview : A Christian Perspective1490 Words   |  6 PagesA Christian Worldview A Christian worldview is one that is complicated and composed of themes. These themes, and history of Christianity, can help a person comprehend what living through a Christian worldview is like. Some of these essential themes are: God speaks into the chaos, God is one and incomprehensible, Jesus is the messiah, Jesus is God, and God is not Santa Clause. These are themes that make up Christianity and help set it apart from other religions. â€Å"In the beginningRead MoreChristianity And The Religions Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesand the Religions Essay Man is called to proclaim the gospel of Jesus Christ and show as many people the way to eternal life, as possible. Because we live in a world of philosophical, cultural, and religious diversity, it is imperative that we interact with people from all walks of life. Christian dialogue with others from various religions can be enlightening – solidifying what we believe as followers of Christ. Accepting people with their various faiths allows us as Christians the abilityRead MoreThe Contributions Of Paul On The Rise Of Christianity750 Words   |  3 Pages Paul of Tarsus is the most essential figure in early Christianity. His transformation to Christianity opened doors for the religion. Paul s associations, political aptitudes, and Roman citizenship gave opportunities other Christian pioneers needed. Paul s work made Christianity open for the masses and expanded its range past the Holy Land (Fiero 98). Paul was a Roman citizen and Jewish. His citizenship gave benefits and immunities shut to numerous early Christians. Furthermore, he was knowledgeableRead MoreWorldview Vs. Worldview : Worldview And Worldview916 Words   |  4 PagesFollowers of monotheistic religions such as Islam, Judaism, and Christianity they demand in their sacred doctrine that followers spread their religion to others. The also requires that they change the human culture around them. When Judaism as a worldview is examined they constantly are trying to reform human culture, for example, Moses only has to get the Ten Commandments because mankind could not culturally conform to Gods commands so God had to tell Moses these essential rules so that mankind canRead MoreChristianity And The Rise Of Christianity1395 Words   |  6 Pagesis the historical religion stemming from the teachings of Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. â€Å"Of all the great religions Christianity is the most widespread and has the largest number of adherents.† It is the world’s largest and most influential religion in history. Christianity can be found on every corner of the globe with nearly two billion followers at the beginning of the 21st century. It is the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas, and Southern Africa. This religion based on faith beganRead MoreGospel Essentials : Similarities Between The Catholic And Christian Worldview Of God1018 Words   |  5 Pages Gospel Essentials God In this composition, we will talk about Gospel Essentials, it will focus on the defining Christian worldview of God In addition we will explore viewpoints of humanity, Jesus, restoration and study of Christianity. We will conclude with a review of my reflection on the similarities between the Catholic and Christian worldview. The Christian worldview, unlike others, is not only completely clear but consistent when breaking down theological questions such as what is our purposeRead MoreNotes On The Gospel Essentials971 Words   |  4 PagesBenchmark-Gospel Essentials A worldview is made from a set of assumptions created by an individual or a group of people forming a belief system that guides them in how they perceive reality to be in this world. Belief systems are often created by those before us which; are then instilled into future generations. In today’s world there are many different types of belief systems being taught, however; â€Å"there are three basic worldviews that most belief systems fall into which are; Atheism, PantheismRead MoreDescription Of A Post Office Box1544 Words   |  7 PagesPost Office Box 000 KELT-1b Andromeda Galaxy Greetings Tedd! Nice to hear from you again. I respect your interest in Christianity, and surely I will tell you all I know. However, it amuses me that you choose probably the most fundamentally anti-christian person you know to tell you about Christianity. While I can’t really tell you about the spiritual aspect of Christianity, I can tell you about it from a secular historian’s perspective. The history of Christianity begins with the Jews. Understanding

Introduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods

INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS There are generally two kinds of research: qualitative and quantitative. For any research project the researcher needs to be clear about which type of research will provide the information required. The role of qualitative research is to tell you why; quantitative research tells you how many. The methods are quite different. Definition of Quantitative research? There s no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0- Fred Kerlinger Different researchers and educators have given different definitions to â€Å"quantitative research.† Below are a few of them: Quantitative research refers to the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the†¦show more content†¦* It is associated with analysis. * It tends to be associated with large-scale studies and with a specific focus. * It tends to be associated with researcher detachment, producing objective numerical data that is independent of the researcher; it is a very controlled, exact approach to research. * It tends to be associated with pre-determined research design, using measurements and analyses in a systematic and logically ordered fashion that may be replicated relatively easily by other researchers. TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Descriptive Research: Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to test hypotheses or answer questions concerning the current status of the subjects of the study. It determines and reports the way things are. Descriptive research seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable or phenomenon. The researcher does not usually begin with a hypothesis, but is likely to develop one after collecting data. Systematic collection of information requires careful selection of the units studied and measurement of each variable in order to demonstrate validity. Examples: * A description of the drug use habits of adults. * A description of how nursing mothers feel about the three month maternity leave in Ghana. * A description ofShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods3731 Words   |  15 PagesINTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS There are generally two kinds of research: qualitative and quantitative. For any research project the researcher needs to be clear about which type of research will provide the information required. The role of qualitative research is to tell you why; quantitative research tells you how many. The methods are quite different. Definition of Quantitative research? Theres no such thing as qualitative data. Everything is either 1 or 0-Read MoreComparing and Contrasting NCUs Concept Paper Requirements for Qualitative and or Quantitative Papers1409 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The theoretical discipline of philosophy is broken down into five facets. (1) Logic, that details the rules of an argument, and distinguishing valid from invalid forms of argument; (2) Ethics, and its distinction between right and wrong, good or evil, moral or immoral; (3) Epistemology, which is the nature of knowledge, what it is, how we know, and what is the truth? (4) Aesthetic, that takes into account the nature of beauty and art; and (5) Metaphysics, reality and what we considerRead MoreQualitative vs. Quantitative Research742 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Quantitative vs. Qualitative Introduction Qualitative research is designed in general to try and understand and interpret social interactions, according to Xavier University. Quantitative research, on the other hand, is used to test hypothesis, to examine cause and effect, and to make predictions (Xavier). Qualitative research is used to identify patters, themes and certain features while quantitative research tends towards identifying statistical relationships (Xavier). As to the role ofRead MoreThe Definition Of Science And Research Methods1189 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is science? A brief elaboration of the definition of science and research methods INTRODUCTION Science is a complex activity, which may be defined in a number of ways. To unite both the process and the product of science, one way to define science is as a process of constructing predictive conceptual models (Gilbert, 1991). Gilbert (1991) states, when referring to Kuhn (1970, Lunetta Hofstein (1981), Miller (1978) and Stevens Collins (1980) that in essence, ‘’the definition of scienceRead MoreThe Scientific And Disciplined Inquiry Approach757 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Research Methodologies According to Merriam -Webster (2015), research is the â€Å"investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws†. As stated by Ndunda (2004), â€Å"research helps to provide facts, reliable information or verifiable information instead of assumptions.† Research should be conducted in a structured, systematicRead MoreQualitative Quantitative Research Methods1047 Words   |  5 PagesQualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods PSY 326 Dr. Willow Aureala March 29, 2011 Qualitative amp; Quantitative Research Methods There are two types of research methods: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research methods are complex meaningful analyses characterized by processes and meanings that are not measured in terms of mathematical measurements. Quantitative research however, relies and builds on mathematical procedures and methods, such as frequency, quality, amountRead MoreModule 1 Slp . Introduction To Research Methodologies .1219 Words   |  5 PagesModule 1 SLP Introduction to Research Methodologies MAE 504 Research Methods in Education Dr. Wilson Tiaqunia Hayes Your task for the Module 1 SLP assignment is twofold: FIRST, fill in the matrix with information pertaining to the following items: identify the type of research represented by each methodology listed in the matrix (i.e., quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods) describe the purpose of each research methodology listed in the matrix, provide an example of a research problem forRead MoreQuantitative, Qualitative And Quantitative Methodologies804 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Along with qualitative and quantitative methodologies in research, the trend of combining both qualitative and quantitative methodologies is widely used and increasingly articulated, attached to research practice and recognized as the third major research approach or research paradigm (Johnson, Onwuegbuzie Turner, 2007). As cited by Anaf and Sheppard (2007), Key in 1997 suggested the theory and meaning, qualitative and quantitative methodologies are distinct. A qualitative methodology’sRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Experience1437 Words   |  6 PagesIn particular, qualitative researchers tend to focus more on the social-constructed reality and the contextual influence, interaction and constraints between the researcher(s) and the participants. They are interested in finding answers to questions that focus on the â€Å"social construction of experience and how meaning is created† (Cooper White, 2012, p. 15). However, quantitative researchers â€Å"emphasize measurement and analysis, and focus on product rather than process† (Cooper White, 2012, p.Read MoreDefinition Of Quantitative Research Methods944 Words   |  4 PagesQuantitative research methods are most generally worried with weighing criminological or criminal justice existence. In order for this method to be un derstood, there are numerous amounts of conditions which must be initially recognized. Concepts are hypothetical labels assigned on reality that are appointed binary characters, hence making them changeable. Variables are then investigated to inspect designs of affiliation, as well as a chain of reaction. At the most basic level, there exists at least

Enzyme Inhibition Free Essays

string(68) " can be potent enough to work in vivo at reasonable concentrations\." Enzyme Inhibition Many drugs exert their action by inhibition of an enzyme activity in the body. If the activity of an enzyme is vital to the cell or organism, then inhibition may lead to death of the cell or organism. It is now possible to design new drugs which are enzyme inhibitors once a target enzyme has been identified. We will write a custom essay sample on Enzyme Inhibition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Types of Inhibitors A) Reversible Inhibitors:  The effect of the inhibitor is instantaneous, and it can be removed from the enzyme by dialysis so that the enzyme activity is returned to normal. Such inhibitors interact with the enzyme by weak non-covalent bonds to form an enzyme inhibitor complex. E + I ? EI B) Irreversible Inhibitors:  These inhibitors bind very tightly to the enzyme, sometimes by formation of covalent bonds to form an enzyme inhibitor compound rather than a loose complex. The effect is therefore progressive with time reaching a maximum when all of the enzyme has reacted. This is not easily reversed by simple physical treatments such as dialysis. E + I EI Reversible Inhibition of Enzymes There are three types of reversible enzyme inhibition;  competitive, non-competitive  (also called mixed)  and uncompetitive. Competitive- molecules which closely resemble the substrate in size, shape and charge distribution may also slip into the active site. This may result in reaction i. e. the second molecule is another substrate for the enzyme, or it may result in inhibition because the active site is blocked. The inhibitor has a separate equilibrium with the enzyme. The binding of substrate and inhibitor is mutually exclusive. E + S ? ES E + P, E + I ? EI Each of these equilibria is characterised by a dissociation constant. The first by Km (the Michaelis constant) and the second by Ki which characterises the binding between enzyme and inhibitor. If sufficient [S] is present then eventually the inhibition by I will be overcome. This is the diagnostic test for this type of inhibition. Both I and S compete for the available enzyme. The activity of an enzyme is described by the following equation: (Michaelis- Menton equation) In the presence of a  competitive reversible inhibitor, this equation becomes; So the  Michaelis constant  (which is a reciprocal measure of affinity of E and S) is changed by the factor 1 + [I]/Ki where [I] is the inhibitor concentration and  Ki is the dissociation constant for the equilibrium between E and I. Most importantly,  Vmax is unchanged  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this is diagnostic for this type of inhibition. Ki is best defined as the concentration of inhibitor required to slow the reaction to half the rate it shows in the absence of inhibitor. It is a reciprocal measure of the affinity of E and I. Lineweaver-Burk Plot for Competitive Reversible Inhibition The  intercept on the y axis represents 1/Vmax. The slope is altered by the factor 1 + [I]/Ki, but the  easiest way to calculate Ki  is from the  ratio of the intercepts on the x axis. Without inhibitor the intercept is -1//Km, with inhibitor it is -1/Km(1+[I]/Ki), so the ratio (bigger over smaller so it is greater than 1) is 1 + [I]/Ki. Easiest way to calculate Ki  is from the  ratio of the intercepts on the x axis. Equation: Other Types of Reversible Inhibition Uncompetitive- This type of reversible inhibition is said to occur when the inhibitor binds with the enzyme-substrate complex rather than the enzyme. Substrate and inhibitor bind dependently. Noncompetitive (Mixed)- This type occurs when the inhibitor binds to both the enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex. Substrate and inhibitor bind independently. Irreversible Inhibition of Enzymes Reversible  means that the timescale of the inhibition is similar to that of the enzyme action, usually measured over a few minutes. Irreversible  means that the enzyme activity is inhibited for times significantly longer than the assay times for the enzyme. It does not necessarily mean that the inhibition will not reverse given sufficient time i. . hours, days or weeks. Some of the most interesting examples of enzyme inhibitors as drugs are those which fall between the two extremes and are sometimes defined as Quasi-Irreversible. These include tight-binding inhibitors, transition state analogues and slowly dissociating intermediates. Tight-Binding inhibitors  and  Transition State Analogues  form high affinity complexes with the enzyme and m ay have Ki values in the order of nanomolar (10-9  mol L-1). The value of Ki will be very important in describing the potency of this type of inhibitor. As a rough guide the inhibitor concentration causing 50% inhibition (I50) is used as a measure of Ki. Slowly Dissociating Intermediates  react with the enzyme to form covalent intermediates which take time to dissociate from the enzyme. A Classification of Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs For a compound to work as a drug in vivo it will ideally have TWO very important properties. These are; Potency  To work in vivo as an enzyme inhibitor the inhibitor will need to be potent enough so that the dose required is in the order of milligrams to grams. Specificity  If a compound is a nonspecific enzyme inhibitor it is more likely to be toxic and exhibit serious side effects. It may be a poison. Simple Reversible- A simple reversible inhibitor binds to the enzyme and decreases the enzyme activity instantaneously and reverses within the time of the enzyme action. The inhibitor binds non-covalently (ionic interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van Der Waal’s forces) to the enzyme and the strength of binding is of a similar order to the substrate i. e. Ki will be of similar size to Km. For very good reasons, the Km values for enzymes vary between about 10-2  mol L-1  to 10-6mol L-1. Unlikely to be potent enough to work in vivo where competition occurs in a dynamic metabolic situation. For a simple competitive inhibitor the inhibition will be self-limiting. If an enzyme is not rate limiting, it may be necessary to achieve ;90% inhibition before any increase in substrate concentration occurs. To do this the inhibitor concentration needs to be approximately 20 times the Ki value. Conformationally Restricted Competitive Inhibitors- It is possible that a reversible competitive inhibitor which is a conformationally restricted analogue of the substrate will have a much higher affinity for the enzyme han does the substrate and hence can be potent enough to work in vivo at reasonable concentrations. You read "Enzyme Inhibition" in category "Essay examples" Such compounds may have Ki values in the region of 1 x 10-7  mol L-1 Quasi-Irreversible Tight Binding Inhibitors- This is an extension of the previous class i. e. competitive inhibitors which are conformationally res tricted and/or have many non-covalent interactions leading to long lasting complexes. Therefore binding is very tight (Ki in order of 10-9  mol L-1  to 10-10  mol L-1) and these compounds are potent enough to act as drugs in vivo. Transition State Analogues- Theoretically, an analogue of a transition state (or reaction intermediate) for the enzyme catalysed reaction will bind much tighter than an analogue of the substrate. The outcome is a potent and potentially specific inhibitor. Theoretically, Ki values can be very low. In practice if Ki values in the region of Nano molar can be achieved, these are potent enough to work in vivo. As we shall see, there has been much work in this area on proteases including HIV protease and there are now a major class of drugs which has been developed on this principle. Slowly Dissociating Intermediates- Some enzymes form covalent intermediates as part of their mechanism e. g. acetylcholinesterase. It is possible for a compound to act as a pseudo-substrate and be converted into a long lasting intermediate. Such an inhibition is time dependent and in some cases is virtually irreversible. Sometimes the intermediate is hydrolysed in minutes or hours but this is still much longer than the normal enzyme mechanism when the intermediate would last only milliseconds. Examples include the anticholinesterases neostigmine and physostigmine (eserine) and penicillin. Irreversible Nonspecific: a. Heavy metal poisons e. g. cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide- Some enzymes and other important proteins such as Haemoglobin and Cytochromes, require metals as cofactors. These metals are often transition metals such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and ligands which are electron rich will form co-ordinate covalent bonds with these metals will inactivate these proteins. These bonds are strong and very often these ligands are toxic because of this irreversible inactivation. Cyanide reacts with cytochrome oxidase which is the terminal electron carrier in the electron transport chain by ligand formation with the Cu atom at the centre of its mechanism. Similarly, carbon monoxide complexes with the Fe atom in the haem cofactor of haemoglobin. b. Heavy metal ions e. g. mercury, lead etc. – These are common irreversible inhibitors because of their ability to complex firmly with particular groups in enzymes. These effects can be reversed by treatment with chelating agents such as EDTA (ethylene di-amino tetra acetic acid). c. Thiol poisons e. . alkylating agents, Arsenic (III) Many enzymes contain thiol (-SH) groups in amino acid side chains – cysteine, which are essential for catalytic activity. Any compound which reacts with these functional groups will poison the enzyme. E. g. Iodoacetamide  (alkylating agent) Arsenic- The most toxic form of Arsenic is As (III) as in arsenite AsO2. In this form, Arsenic reacts rapidly with  thiol groups, e specially with dithiols such as lipoic acid which is an essential cofactor for some important enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase and -ketoglutarate dehyrdrogenase. You should remember these enzymes as part of the link reaction and the citric acid cycle. When these enzymes are blocked, respiration stops. Arsenic derivatives have been prepared as very poisonous war gases e. g. Lewisite. antidote called  Dimercaprol (‘British Anti-Lewisite’)  was designed by incorporating two thiols for the poison to react with. The two thiol groups react with the arsenical war gas forming a stable compound and thus stopping it from blocking the thiol groups in lipoic acid. Dimercaprol  is used these days as an antidote to poisoning with heavy metals such as antimony, arsenic, mercury, bismuth, gold, thallium. It is also used in conjunction with pencillamine in the treatment of lead poisoning (see BNF). Specific Irreversible Inhibitors: Affinity Labels (Active site directed irreversible inhibitors)- An analogue of the substrate which binds to the active site of an enzyme, but which contains a chemically reactive group, has the potential to form covalent bonds with side chains at or near the active site. These inhibitors are irreversible and have been very useful in elucidating enzyme mechanisms but their reactive nature makes them likely to be toxic when used in vivo. Mechanism-based Inhibitors (‘suicide reagents’) – The principle of this sort of inhibition is that a pseudo substrate is accepted by the enzyme which then catalyses the production of its own inhibitor which reacts covalently in the active site. Such inhibitors should be specific as well as potent. Certain monoamine oxidase inhibitors have this mechanism, also the -lactamase inhibitors (e. g. clavulanate). The pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) dependent enzymes have been a particular candidate for the development of this kind of inhibitor (e. g. difluoromethyldopa). Enzyme inhibitors: Edrophonium – conformationally restricted competitive reversible, ACE inhibitors – Tight binding, HIV protease inhibitors – Transition state analogues, Neostigmine, Penicillin – Slowly dissociating intermediates DFP – Irreversible group specific reagent, Clavulanate – mechanism-based irreversible inhibitor. Types of Enzyme Inhibitors Simple Reversible| Competitive (also uncompetitive, noncompetitive, mixed)| Simple substrate analogues Michaelis-Menten kinetics Ki in region of Km i. e. 10-2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 10-6  M| Restricted Conformation| Rigid shape similar to favoured substrate fit Ki less than Km| e. g. drophonium as inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase| Quasi-Irreversible| Tight Binding Ki can be in region of nanomolar| E. g. ACE inhibitors Captopril, enalapril etc. | | Transition State Analogues. Binding constant theoretically below nanomolar| Inhibitors of proteinases e. g. pepsin, renin, HIV proteinase| | Slowly Dissociating Intermediates à ¢â‚¬â€œ time dependent kinetics| e. g. neostigmine, eserine as anticholinesterases Penicillin| Irreversible| Heavy metal poisons etc| Cyanide, Hydrogen Sulphide, Carbon Monoxide| | Group reagents| e. g. Arsenic (III), Iodoacetamide| | DFP action on esterases| | Affinity labels| TPCK on Chymotrypsin| | Mechanism Based (‘suicide inhibitors’)| e. g. Clavulanate onlactamase| Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs ENZYME| INHIBITOR(S)| USES| Acetylcholinesterase| Edrophonium Neostigmine Eserine| Myasthenia Gravis Glaucoma Paralytic Ileus| Monoamine Oxidase| Tranylcypramine| Depression| Xanthine Oxidase| Allopurinol| Gout, adjunct to Cancer chemotherapy| Carbonic Anhydrase| Acetazolamide| Diuresis| Dihydrofolate Reductase| Methotrexate| Leukaemia| Transpeptidase| Penicillin| Antibacterial| Cyclo-oxygenase| Aspirin etc. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs| Analgesia Anti-inflammatory Anti-platelet| Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)| Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril etc. | Anti-hypertension| Thymidylate Synthetase| Fluorouracil| Cancer chemotherapy| Penicillinase (-lactamase)| Clavulanate etc| Anti-bacterial| HIV proteinase| Saquinovar etc| HIV treatment| Reverse Transcriptase| AZT| HIV treatment| HMG-CoA Reductase| Statins, pravastatin etc. | Coronary Heart Disease| Phospodiesterase V| Viagra| Erectile dysfunction| How to cite Enzyme Inhibition, Essay examples

Market Segmentation Strategy

Question: Develop a Strategic Marketing Plan for a selected enterprise. For each Section of your Marketing Strategy, you are required to provide a rationale for your decisions related to theoretical and industry best practice strategic concepts for effective and innovative marketing for tourism and hospitality enterprises? Answer: Executive Summary SEA WORLD RESORT, GOLDCOAST QUEENSLAND is a five star resort cum a marine amusement park including living and sea creature, which is situated in Queensland, Australia. Therefore the marking of the Sea World Resort is must. In this paper we describe some basic marketing plan. As we know that the marketing of any sort of administrations can be testing yet in the meantime fascinating. The most effective method to market an item in a manner that it stirs individuals' advantage furthermore makes them think, "I need to have that"? Particularly since individuals are more and more mindful of their needs and needs and they won't make due with less. Introduction Sea World is a marine amusement park including living and sea Creature Park placed on the Beach or Shoreline, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It incorporates creature displays, rides and different attractions, which additionally advances preservation through training. Sea World is the second most astounding went to amusement stop in Gold Coast. Sea World is a Gold Coast tourism pioneer, and Australia's first amusement park to be drafted into the Australian Tourism Corridor of Acclaim in 1992. Guests can take an interest in an extensive variety of creature undertaking arrange and connect with marine creatures, for example, dolphins, seals and sharks. The Guests originate from all over Australia and the world. Since the foundation, Sea World has go about as a real impetus in pulling in a large number of travelers to Gold Coast and Australia furthermore helps in advancing the Gold Drift as a significant visitor end. This exploration will basically examine and gives diagram about the business division technique created and received by the Sea World Amusement Park. Mission Statement The Gold Coast, a waterfront city of more or less 500,000 individuals, lies 75 kilometers southeast of Bri sbane, the state capital of Queensland. The shorelines of the Gold Coast have attained to notorious status both in Australia and universally and the Gold Coast has been a prevalent household and universal guest end of the line for a long time (Bowie and Buttle, 2004). A late study assessed that Gold Coast inhabitant made more or less 40 million visits to the shoreline or beaches and foreshore in 2007 and visitors made an extra 7 million treks over the same period. This paper concentrates on the vitality of the Gold Coast shorelines for amusement, specifically for surfing. Goals and Objectives The Gold Coast is flanked by pretty nearly 52 kilo meter long of shorelines or beaches beside its eastern limit. The range is presented to a high wave vitality environment and is frequently subjected to storms and substantial waves. For just about 100 years, Gold Coast shorelines or beaches have been adjusted in somehow. Seaside assurance ventures attempted in the locale incorporate the development of rock Sea dividers along a large portion of the coastline; the development of significant preparing dividers at the Tweed Waterway, Gold Coast Seaway, Tallebudgera and Currumbin Creeks; rock crotches at Kirra and Palm Shoreline; seaward sand digging fights at various areas; sand bypassing framework s at the Gold Coast Seaway and Tweed Waterway; and the Northern Gold Coast Shoreline Security Methodology, which included the development of the Narrowneck manufactured reef. And this, standard digging happens at Tallebudgera and Currumbin Creeks (Ellson, 2004). The result is that so as to giv e the important beachfront assurance, group, monetary and even natural administrations important to manage the city furthermore a solid environment, Gold Coast beaches oblige dynamic administration. Beaches are vital to the Gold Coast, there some reasons: They give a vital waterfront security support between the profoundly urbanized area and the high vitality sea; The shorelines, which are all freely possessed and open, give an essential center for diversion for inhabitants; The shorelines structure the premise of the district's tourism industry, which is of basic financial significance to the city; and Shorelines and the near shore zone give significant natural environment. Positioning Strategy While each organization's circumstance is novel, we know from long experience that there are regular criteria for an organization's achievement in arriving at and winning a business. Whether your organization is fixated on buyer bundled merchandise, business administrations or developing engineering, your low maintenance CMO and the supervisor outcasts group will consider the accompanying measurements in creating a business sector situating technique: Brand Situating Methodology Item or Products Situating Methodology Focused Valuing Procedure Focused Situating Technique Alternatives to Marketing Counseling Firms As well as if we unite individuals of all ages, societies and foundations to appreciate the most elevated worldwide amusement park norms of value, fun and stimulation. These all are depend on some various Center Qualities or Core Value like Fun, Quality, Genuineness, Respectability, Collaboration, Instruction, Uniqueness and Empathy. Tailing its roots as one of the Gold Coast's spearheading vacation destinations, Sea World have formed into Australia's driving marine park with a genuinely global standing. Our guests originated from all over Australia and the world (Kruger, 2011). Similarly as with all amusement stops in our locale, we depend on both household and global guests. Inside Australia, we draw in guests from all states and regions. The key markets are Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. The rate of World wide guests changes from month to month and is reliant on vacation seasons, travel patterns and world economies. Sea World, Warner Bros. Film World and Wet'n'wild Water World offer basic possession also a significant part of the parks' marketing is attempted on a gathering premise. The parks are promoted by a group of give or take 40 staff, based Adrift World, Warner Bros. Motion picture World and Wet'n'wild Water World. The Warner Village Amusement Park Advertising System joins promoting, exposure, advancements, corporate accomplice action and immediate deals to build mindfulness about Warner Village Amusement Stops and advance the parks' exceptional diversion encounters. Our marketing methodology has since quite a while ago perceived that the accomplishment of the Gold Coast and the Amusement Parks is inseparably connected. Consequently, we work co-operatively with numerous industry associations and administrators to help advance the area. We embrace co-agent marketing with Tourism Queensland, Gold Coast Tourism and The Australian Visitor Commission alongside neighborhood convenience houses and visit administrators. Publicizing mediums used to achieve our target markets incorporate TV, feature, silver screen, radio, insurance and pamphlets, boards and the Web. A significant part of the center of our promoting is focused on towards families, yet we pride ourselves on having an expansive request, joining cutting edge topics, music and vision into our promoting. This can be seen in our most recent TV plugs that are accessible for survey on-line (Kim and Mauborgne, 2005). A far reaching deals, attention and advancements program, in both the residential and global markets supplements this movement. Not just do we target shoppers, yet quite a bit of our exertion is additionally coordinated towards guaranteeing that the travel business is stayed up with the latest with new advancements and attractions, so that they have the capacity pass on this data to shoppers buying our amusement park tickets. The numbers of procedures are utilized to do this including deals calls, pamphlets, impetuses furthermore in-park acquaintances. Our Attention and Advancements group liaise with media empowering broad positive scope inside the local and worldwide markets. The parks? host numerous TV groups counting news, way of life and amusement programs and arrange advancements with key local and universal media furthermore Corporate Accomplices. Our sites are a fundamental part of our Marketing procedure, strengthening the brand of every individual stop and supplementing our logged off advertising objectives and targets. Different parts of our Advertising Project are the effective associations with our Corporate Accomplices. Warner Village Amusement Parks are glad to be connected with a scope of Corporate Accomplices, including Coca-Cola and Lanes, with whom we attempt commonly useful marketing and special exercises. The advertising course is kept flow with the support of in-park research through the gathering of data from overviews we convey to our guests (Watson, 2000). This bails us to figure out precisely how our guests delighted in their day and what they might want to see included in the stop later on. We additionally depend on industry information gathered by driving think-tanks, to aid us in future arranging. Sea World offers broad projects looking at all parts of marketing and tourism through instruction programs fo r school trips. Strategic Action Plan Strategic Action Plan is an association's methodology of characterizing its system, or bearing, and settling on choices on assigning its assets to seek after this technique. It might likewise reach out to control systems for controlling the usage of the procedure. Key arranging got to be noticeable in companies amid the 1960s and remains an essential part of key administration. It is executed by key organizers or strategists, who include numerous gatherings and exploration sources in their investigation of the association and its relationship to nature in which it contends. There are various difficulties that organizations confront and need to manage when marketing their items and administrations. Neighborliness industry is no special case and for illustration lodgings must be mindful of the various unique qualities that influence their marketing (Pizam, 2005). Regularity, which alludes to the variances popular, is one of the greatest qualities and is something the lodgings must be mindful of when marketing friendliness and settlement administrations. Contingent upon what sort of lodging is in question the greatest interest may be produced for instance by agents in the center of the week or by autonomous explorers amid the weekends. Not just distinctive days of week however regularity is influenced likewise by diverse months or seasons of the year and even distinctive times of the day. Numerous inns confront the test of keeping gainfulness high and steady during the time with no under- or over- usage of their ability. The productivity regularly endures amid low season periods; this is the reason promoting has huge obligation to build the interest amid low seasons and level out the interest as the year progressed. In the accommodation business and particularly in the lodging business the administrations are regularly impalpable. This implies that the client can't encounter the administration or item in any capacity before it being obtained. Case in point the client can't stay overnight at an inn and choose in the morning not to pay for the lodging was definitely not precisely to his or her enjoying (Morritt, 2007). The impalpable nature of the items makes troubles for marketing; clients frequently think that it hard to survey the nature of the item before having encountered it without a doubt. That is the reason the clients have to be given data that is precise and truthful yet in the meantime urges the client to pick that particular item or administration. At the same time advertising ought not to raise client desires excessively high for that will just bring about neglecting to convey consumer loyalty. Inward promoting As a piece of the promoting blend advancement has a vital part in arriving at promoting targets in lodging. Inside marketing is an expansion of that as it perceives the vitality that representatives have while experiencing clients. This puts an attention on the client contact representatives and how well they are ready to convey the guarantees made amid the pre-encounter promoting. Human asset chiefs in inns are utilizing marketing procedures more to initiate open and propelled workers. Everything boils down to conveying administration quality in a manner that the client is fulfilled. It begins from the promoting of the items earlier the client has even settled on the choice to make a reservation (Anderson, 2012). Anyhow after the reservation has been made the client contact workers have the greatest part in conveying the guaranteed item. In place for a lodging to succeed in conveying administration quality it needs to have inspired workers who comprehend what they are offering. The objective of inner advertising is to achieve the best conceivable proficient abilities accessible. Conveyance channels The principle destination of circulation in accommodation industry is generally straightforward; to use diverse channels to discover clients or all the more essentially to help clients discover the organization and make the booking or acquiring as simple as would be prudent. There are various diverse channels that lodging can use to achieve their clients. At the point when the inn is picking which channel to utilize it is imperative to know their target market. Do their clients use web so that the inn ought to put the stress on utilizing it as their primary appropriation channel or their clients like to turn to a venture out specialists to help with their travel courses of action? The most practical circulation channel is "immediate to client" where the lodging speaks with the client specifically with no go-betweens. It is most viable when the client makes the booking specifically at the lodging's front work area. This is more utilized with rehash clients who can for instance make the next booking for themselves as they are looking at. The web has too brought new run approaches to be in contact with the clients. Normally lodgings have their own particular sites where clients can reserve a spot specifically to the lodging through the site (Allen and Others, 2001). Numerous greater lodging networks additionally have their own particular modernized/ computerize reservation system (CRS) where the client can call or go to their site and reserve a spot to any of the chain's lodgings anyplace on the planet. An alternate financially savvy appropriation channel that greater lodging networks can utilize is "referral system" which implies that the lodgings inside the sam e chain advertise every other. There can be for instance pamphlet racks in the inn gathering or inn catalogs in the rooms. The target is that these pamphlets showcase alternate inns inside the same chain or lodging gathering. Conclusion This examination concentrated on what the staff and managers of SEA WORLD RESORT, GOLDCOAST thought about the current phase of the inn's advertising. The point was to structure another key marketing arrangement for the lodging underscoring on how the inn could enhance their marketing and what advertising endeavors are required. The point was never to structure a strategic marketing arrangement with a strict course of events but instead to give a structure on how the inn ought to continue with its promoting; what parts of the current promoting activities could be enhanced and what sort of new advertising activities could be included. As the examination was directed by meeting the inn's staff and holders the knowledge to the marketing operations of the lodging are broad. The consequences of the exploration shaped the key advertising arrangement with situational investigations, marketing goals and methodology and at last an activity plan. References Allen, C., Kania, D., Yaeckel, B. and Allen, C. (2001). One-to-one web marketing. New York: John Wiley. Anderson, D. (2012). Strategic marketing planning for the small to medium-sized business. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Baker, M. (2000). The strategic marketing plan audit. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Bowie, D. and Buttle, F. (2004). Hospitality marketing. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Ellson, T. (2004). Culture and positioning as determinants of strategy. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Flouris, T. and Oswald, S. (2006). Designing and executing strategy in aviation management. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Fyall, A., Kozak, M. and Andreu, L. (2009). Marketing Innovations for Sustainable Destinations. Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers. Hair, J. (2008). Essentials of marketing research. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Higher Education. Hooley, G., Saunders, J. and Piercy, N. (2004). Marketing strategy and competitive positioning. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall Financial Times. Kim, G. (2002). Technical assistance to the Lao People's Democratic Republic for the northern region strategic action plan. [Manila?]: Asian Development Bank. Kim, W. and Mauborgne, R. (2005). Blue ocean strategy. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. Kruger, E. (2011). Top market strategy. [New York, N.Y.] (222 East 46th Street, New York, NY 10017): Business Expert Press. Lovelock, C. and Wirtz, J. (2007). Services marketing. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Morritt, R. (2007). Segmentation strategies for hospitality managers. New York: Haworth Press. Nelson, S. (2009). Implementing for results. Chicago: American Library Association. Nykiel, R. (2003). Marketing your business. New York: Best Business Books. Nykiel, R. (2011). Marketing in the hospitality industry. East Lansing, Mich.: American Hotel Lodging, Educational Institute. Paley, N. (2000). How to develop a strategic marketing plan. Boca Raton, Fla: St. Lucie Press. Pizam, A. (2005). International encyclopedia of hospitality management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann. Trout, J. (2004). Trout on strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill. Watson, D. (2000). Managing strategy. Buckingham [England]: Open University Press. Yang, Y. and Ma, M. (2013). Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Green Communications and Networks 2012 (GCN 2012). Berlin: Springer.

Fiscal Policy In The U.S. Essays - Public Finance, Tax,

Fiscal Policy In The U.S. Fiscal Policy in The U.S. Real plans for real people. This was the coined theme for the Bush campaign back in September. As far as I can see with his tax cut plan in doesnt involve real people. It may just depend on your definition of the term, but the real people of America are the middle class, hard working families. Bushs tax plan is now said to be $1.6 trillion over a ten year period of time. Most of this money will go to the upper brackets, the better off. Granted they do pay the most money, but then when you think about it, why do they need the cut? Can they not afford to pay their taxes? In this economic time of a feared recession our government should be doing everything in their power to avoid this situation. Having a prolonged tax cut does nothing to help the economy now. By the time the money is given back we and more than likely to have already succeeded this economic down low. The economist will tell you the in order to dodge this the money must be given back now. If the money is given back earlier there is a better chance of people spending it and stimulating economic activity. When looked at by this point of view I most definitely agree with Laura DAndrea Tyson when she said, Bush wants a large tax cut for political reasons, not economic ones. When Robert J. Barro discuses how he thinks the tax cut will stimulate investment and growth, increase incentives to work and save, and lower the amount of money Congress can spend, I find myself disagreeing with him. As said earlier Bushs tax cut will do very little, if anything, to help stimulate growth. Ten years is a very long time. As for increasing the incentive to work and save, I find it hard to want to save my money when they take it away for taxes. If you want to give an incentive to save, why not turn to VATs instead of income taxes? I know this would be an almost impossible thing to accomplish but the way it was explained to me was so clear. I thought in my head, Duh! Why dont people explore this option? Also, if they lower the amount of money Congress can spend they are lowering the amount of money for schools and education, among other things. A controversial part of the budget includes spending money for religious based activities and vouchers so that people may have the choice of schools. My reaction to this can be best described as almost an annoyance. I am young and naive but I feel strongly about things I believe and I am also very stubborn. I will stand up for things that I believe and state my case whenever I can. In our constitution we state that we all, as Americans, have the freedom of religion. In a way I feel that by saying no religion in schools, you are somewhat enabling this right. I can, however, understand that this is a controversial topic. But if you are denying children the right to practice their religion in school, why can you not give them a chance to do it in a school in which education and religion are interwoven. We are the future and by decreasing spending on education, they are only making things harder for themselves. Another topic discussed was the Social Security lockbox. In his campaign, Bush also said that he would keep this money safe. In order not to have to decrease his tax cuts and spending he may have to use money from the Social Security funds. If he does this I think that he will be showing Americans the he cant keep a promise. He promised not to use that money. Its not worth it in the long run to use this for a short-term stimulus. Fiscal policy in the United States today is somewhat a very controversial issue. I dont know if everyone will ever agree on something. I dont think that there will ever be a policy that will make everyone happy and have everyone treated the same. Only in

Current Educational Issues

Current Educational Issues Same-Sex Schools Same sex classrooms were widely practiced in ancient times before the middle of the 20th century (Yates 1971, p. 34). The concept of same sex classrooms works when girls and boys are separated into different classes, buildings or schools where they do not get to interact as freely as they would in the conventional classroom setup.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Educational Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Same sex classrooms has been traditionally practiced in the past at specific levels of learning but more especially in high schools and in institutions of higher education. However, recent times have seen the practice infiltrate in practically all levels of education including the elementary level. This has created a new platform for debate as is affirmed by Hayes (2003) who notes that â€Å"Any number of studies show that single-sex education is beneficial for college-age women. Bu t the work done so far to study the issue for students in kindergarten through 12th grade is, at best, spotty and inconclusive† (p. 65). The practice has been evidenced in many parts of the world but it is important to acknowledge that its extensiveness are practically determined by the culture and religious backgrounds of the population group in question. The establishment of single-sex classrooms has for long been a rather controversial issue considering segregating boys and girls are not essentially politically correct. This debate has especially been exacerbated by the fact that it is even applied at elementary levels. This has caused quite a stir in most centers of education across the world. There are obviously a number of advantages and disadvantages associated with single sex classrooms but proponents of the concept note that it improves academic performance while its critics note that it essentially deprives young students from a healthy social life (University Langua ge 2011). The debate about the establishment of single-sex classrooms is very controversial and intense but this study notes that establishing single-sex classrooms especially for young children is not healthy for the comprehensive growth of children at an elementary level. Conceptual Understanding In the United Kingdom (UK) single sex schools have been quite common in a number of the country’s public and grammar schools. However, a number of these schools are currently coeducational but the trend has quickly infiltrated into other lower level of education schools such as elementary schools (Sullivan 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In UK’s educational system, the commonly known single-sex schools at the primary level are Winterbourne Junior Boys School and Winterbourne Junior Girls School but through a government report released in the year 2007, single- sex classrooms have been approved by the government to uplift educational standards (Sullivan 2010, p. 6). In Britain, the number of single-sex schools has not been commensurate with other parts of the world. For instance, the number of single-sex schools had been approximated to be approximately 2,400 in the past four decades but currently, Britain has approximately 400 such institutions of learning (Sullivan 2009, p. 259). Despite this development, the debate on whether to subject young children to single-sex schools has not slowed down. An all-girl school in Nottingham city for example faced stiff opposition from parents who were against the administration’s move to close down the school because the demand for such schools were evidently dwindling (Asthana 2006). The parents claimed that it was their own personal decisions to take their children to an –all-girl school and the school had no right in closing the school down. This scenario has been replicated in a numb er of destinations across the globe. In the United States (US), the constitutionality of single-sex schools has been challenged at the Supreme Court and subsequent rulings have however made the educational concept constitutional only on the basis that comparable courses, services and facilities are shared by both boys and girls (Forman-Brunell 2001, p. 437). Because of this development in America, the number of public schools in the country has sharply raised from a meager eleven schools in the year 2004 to 549 single sex schools in the year 2009 (the number still continues to rise). Australia poses different statistics with regard to the growth of single-sex schools because it is estimated that there were approximately 51% of boys and 54% of girls in the year 1985 who went to same-sex schools but in 1995, this figure dropped to 42% for male students and 46% for female students (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1998). The situation is also quite different for Arab countries because i n most of the countries it is almost mandatory that students and pupils alike should attend same-sex classrooms (Thomas 2005, p. 792). In Iran for example, almost all public schools are essentially single-sex schools, since the Islamic revolution ended. This situation is more evident in countries which are strongly under the influence of sharia laws but boys and girls alike are accepted in equal measures, in their respective schools.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Educational Issues specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Disadvantages of Single–Sex Schools Recent research studies note that there is no significant improvement in performance from the establishment of sing-sex schools. These findings have been advocated by a British researcher by the name Alan Smithers from the University of Birmingham (Covington 2008, p. 175). From these findings, he also suggests that mixed schools are not inferior to singl e-sex schools. He attributes the success seen from single-sex schools (especially girl schools) from the fact that they are essentially independent and are grammar schools and therefore their performance may be exaggerated (Asthana 2006). Smither instead advocated for the fact that teachers and educationists should stop focusing on gender and instead focus on the ability of their children and the background where these children hail from as the main drivers of academic performance. In other words, Smither tried to uphold the view that there were a number of factors (apart from gender) that drove academic performance. The same sentiments are shared by an American educational researcher (cited in Asthana 2006) who affirms that: â€Å"There are a number of bestselling authors that [say] there are important gender differences in the brain and auditory system such that girls and boys see the world differently, so are best educated in single-sex schools. I have studied it and concluded t hat the arguments are not substantiated and miss the bigger agenda in this country [America]. Race and social class are far better predictors of outcomes† (p. 9). This analogy is to affirm that though there are huge volumes of literature suggesting the assumption that single-sex schools are synonymous with excellent academic success, there are research studies done to show some inconsistencies with these findings (Pytel 2006, p. 1). For example, in the Middle East where single-sex schools are almost a norm, not much academic success can be attributed to that part of the world. Instead, some of the most excellent schools and institutions in the world are found elsewhere on the globe. However, it should be understood that education is not only based on academics but also other factors such as earnings, marriages, childbearing social skills and a number of other factors which are not necessarily academic. From this understanding it is important to acknowledge the findings of othe r research studies done to establish the disadvantages of single-sex schools which concluded that single-sex classrooms puts on hold the development of social skills between boys and girls. Though there have been a number of researchers who note that the upheaval of social skills among boys and girls in coeducational setting comes at the expense of academic achievement, there is evidence from research studies done by Marsh (1985 who notes that â€Å"there were social benefits from co-education and these were not at the expense of academic achievement for either girls or boys† (p. 25).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, coeducational schools environments bear a close similarity to the real life environment where both boys and girls, men and women exist together, it is therefore improper to expose students to an artificial environment which does not represent the real life setting (Ferguson Career Resource 2006, p. 19). Like acknowledged above, affecting child growth for only five years (or so) at the expense of social skills which will be needed in the rest of the child’s lifetime after school is not justified. It therefore does not make sense for schools to establish single-sex schools for the sake of academic achievement while it is going to affect the child’s life skills in the long run. This fact is reiterated by Robinson Smithers (1999) who affirm that It has been suggested that educating the sexes together is more like real life, and the experience of growing up with the opposite sex makes it easier to move on to the mixed environments of university and employment. (p p. 25-26). Children who are subjected to single-sex schools at a very young age and exposed to the system for very long are therefore likely to find it very difficult to adjust to the real environment as opposed to those who grow up learning in coeducational schools. Moreover, students do not necessarily get to experience the diversity that exists among the student body and more so from the opposite sex (Pytel 2008, p. 12). This observation comes out of research studies observing that boys and girls are very different in their anatomy, the way they think and such like features. Comprehensively, these studies note that girls are different from boys in the sense that they are much more comfortable asking questions in class than boys are; girls respond better to questions touching on matters to do with shopping, girls thrive best or learn best in environments where they work in groups or in pairs and normally, females work best in an environment that is very relaxed (Pytel 2008, p. 12) . Boys would therefore miss to appreciate these sorts of diversity that is synonymous to females but also on the other hand, the girls would miss to appreciate the extensive diversity that is characteristic of males. They include the fact that boys perform better in environments that are competitive i9n nature; boys enjoys lessons that are bound to contain some action; boys enjoy tasks which are time-oriented; boys prefer to keep quiet and refrain from asking questions because they do not want to look less smart than their counterparts and lastly, boys are respond to sports questions as a unique area of interest. There is also enough evidence from psychological research studies done to quantify the probability of single-sex schools that single-sex schools are bound to increase the likelihood of homosexual relationships due to the single-sex environment evident in such schools (Dale 1971, p. 224). This is actually one extreme that has been identified by a number of psychology researc hers because they also identify teat single-sex schools are likely to cause another extreme which is homophobic relationships among affected children in the distant future of their development. Moreover, there is enough evidence gathered to suggest that gender stereotypes are also likely to increase among children subjected to single-sex schools at a young age. The establishment of single-sex classrooms is also disadvantageous to most students because it creates educational inequalities and possibly opens an avenue for discrimination in schools (Portes 2005, p. 55). There are already symptoms of the growing discrimination among boys and girls in research because many educationists have consistently supported the establishment of single-sex schools because it is more advantageous to women. Consequently, there have been very minimal volumes of research talking about the effects of single-sex schools for the boy child and more especially the males. This concern is also shared by Bronsk i (2002) who notes that â€Å"Any number of studies show that single-sex education is beneficial for college-age women. But the work done so far to study the issue for students in kindergarten through 12th grade is, at best, spotty and inconclusive†. This is true because boys and girls do not lean differently and the same educational outcomes expected of one gender are also the same outcomes expected of the other and so there is no reason for segregating boys from girls. Moreover, the learning inputs are the same too. The educational theory purporting the establishment of single-sex schools supports an upheaval of standards of education has in the past been punctured many holes and therefore it has failed to stand the test of time. Same sex schools have also been noted to contravene existing legislations regarding the access of equal education opportunities for children guaranteed by the law (CQ Researcher 2009). In many parts of the developed world, the law does not discrimi nate on access to education for any gender and so single-sex schools go against this provision. This case is especially evident in America where single-sex schools have been touted to contravene the Title IX law which guarantees equal educational experiences for both genders. Women organizations such as ACLU and the national organization for women have been on the forefront in showing their contempt for single-sex schools because they are identified to diminish the effects of the Title IX laws which guarantees equal treatment for both boys and girls in education (Russell 2007). Conclusion This study points out the fact that single-sex schools pose a number of developmental challenges to children who are subjected to it in the long run. However, at the same time, it acknowledges the contribution of past research studies suggesting that single-sex schools essentially increase the academic performance of students in the short run. Nonetheless, this argument is seen to be defective in t he sense that a number of other factors including, social classes, student’s background, and other socioeconomic factors also drive academic achievement to a significant degree. Apart from this fact, this study also identifies that single-sex schools expose students to inadequacies in developing social skills and also from a social standpoint it increases the chances of many students developing gender stereotypes and homophobic symptoms. These factors (among many more) other socio-economic factors contribute to the ongoing debate about whether single-sex schools are appropriate for students. Evidently, considering the intrigues of the above observations, we can conclude that establishing single-sex schools does not compliment student growth. References Asthana, A. (2006) Why Single-Sex Education Is Not the Route to Better Results. (Online) Available at: guardian.co.uk/uk/2006/jun/25/schools.gender2 . Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1998) Official Yearbook of the Commonwealt h of  Australia, Issue. Sydney, Aust. Bureau of Statistics. Covington, P. (2008) Success in Sociology AS for AQA. London, Folens Limited. CQ Researcher. (2009) Issues in K-12 Education: Selections from CQ Researcher. London, SAGE. Dale, R. (1971) Mixed Or Single-Sex School?: Some Social Aspects. London, Taylor Francis. Ferguson Career Resource. (2006) Ferguson Career Resource Guide for Women and  Minorities: Resources for Women. New York, Infobase Publishing. Forman-Brunell, M. (2001) Girlhood in America: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1. New York, ABC-CLIO. Hayes, S. (2003) Equity and Inclusion in Physical Education and Sport: Contemporary  Issues for Teachers, Trainees and Practitioners. London, Routledge. Portes, P. (2005) Dismantling Educational Inequality: A Cultural-Historical Approach to  Closing the Achievement Gap. New York, Peter Lang. Pytel, B. (2006) Single Sex Classrooms. (Online) Available at: suite101.com/content/single-sex-classrooms-a9558 . Pytel, B. (2008) Pros and Cons of Same-Sex Classrooms. (Online) Available at: suite101.com/content/pros-and-cons-of-samesex-classrooms-a80982 . Russell, S. (2007) Same-Sex Schooling Pros and Cons. (Online) Available at: suite101.com/content/samesex-schooling-pros-and-cons-a32700 . Sullivan, A. (2009) Academic self-concept, gender and single-sex schooling. British  Educational Research Journal, 35(2), 259-288. Sullivan, A. (2010) Single-sex Schooling and Academic Attainment at School and through the Lifecourse. American Educational Research Journal, 47(1), 6-36. Sullivan, A. (2011) Single-Sex Schooling and Labour Market Outcomes. Oxford, Oxford Review of Education. Thomas, J. (2005) Sears Youth, Education, and Sexualities: An International  Encyclopedia. London, Greenwood Publishing Group. University Language. (2011) Co-ed vs. Single Sex Schools. (Online) Available at: universitylanguage.com/guides/co-ed-single-sex-schools/ . Yates, A. (1971) The Organization Of Schooling: A Study Of Educational Grou ping  Practices. London, Taylor Francis.

Positive benefits from cloning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Positive benefits from cloning - Essay Example Reproductive cloning means the creation of a newborn human or other animal that is an exact duplication of an existing person or animal. This involves removing the DNA from an embryo and replacing it with the DNA from a cell removed from an individual. Then the embryo would be implanted in the uterus of a woman with the intent of it developing into a fetus and eventually a newborn whose DNA is identical to that of the original individual. This method has been used to clone a sheep. This method is also known as adult DNA cloning. Therapeutic cloning is also called biomedical cloning, research cloning or somatic cell nuclear transfer. It means the creation of pre-embryos in order to extract their stem cells and create a human organ. It involves the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer in which the nucleus of a cell from a human patient's body is injected into a human ovum which has had its nucleus removed. The goal of therapeutic cloning is to obtain stem cells which can be developed into organs for transplant that have an identical DNA structure to the organ recipient. It does not involve the attempt to create a newborn. (Terminology. First two Paras). As the two terms are causing confusion among the general public, some people have been suggesting that the term 'therapeutic cloning' should be addressed as somatic cell nuclear transfer. The positive benefits Though the issue of stem cell research and cloning are highly controversial, present and further research will only benefit the humanity. Protagonists of cloning argue that there is a great scope for the social, physical and economical progress of the humanity through research in therapeutic cloning. Organ cloning can terminate deadly illnesses and save precious human lives. Its utilities in medical field are immense and innumerable. Some of them are as follows. 1. Progress in this field can help infertile couples have children through cloning. With treatment the infertile couples can develop the ability to conceive. 2. Cloning research in the field can be utilized for replicating skin and nerve cells to repair damaged ones or replace non-existent ones. 3 3. If therapeutic cloning using embryos is successful, then perfectly matched replacement organs could become freely available to sick and dying people. (What are its possible benefits First Para). And that would save countless numbers of lives, and increase the quality of life of countless others. Three possible medical examples of therapeutic cloning are: 1.The use of insulin-secreting cells for diabetes.2. The use of nerve cells in stroke or Parkinson's disease.3. The use of liver cells to repair a damaged organ. Organ development and plantation through therapeutic cloning would have some more benefits when compared to regular organ transplant donated by someone. For any organ transplantation, no other person would have to lose his/her organ. Patients would not have to wait for long for some organ to arrive but at the same time they would have the advantage of having a new